-
- Height:
- 6-2
-
- Weight:
- 195
-
- Hometown:
- Sacramento, California
-
- Position:
- LB
-
- Year:
- Sr.
-
- High School:
- Inderkum HS
-
- Major:
- Sociology
-
- gp
- 8
-
- tk
- 17.0
-
- sac
- 0.0
-
- int
- 1
-
- ffum
- 0
Bio
Brings the Bearcats experience as a senior in 2021 ... Returns to the defense as a linebacker after moving to tight end following the 2019 season ... Played in eight games in 2019 and registered 10 total tackles ... Saw action in nine games as a first-year player and contributed 36 tackles, which ranked fifth on the team ... Earned 26 solo tackles and recorded 3.5 tackles for loss ... Also forced and recovered one fumble ... Was chosen as the team's Defensive Newcomer of the Year ... Played football and was a team captain at Inderkum High School in Sacramento, California ... Majoring in Sociology with a minor in Politics, Policy, Law, and Ethics ... Served as a SAAC representative in 2018-19 ... Is on the Football Executive Board as the community service coordinator ... Son of John Doyle.
|   | Overall | Conference |
|---|---|---|
| Solo tackles | 5 | 2 |
| Assists | 12 | 5 |
| Tackles | 17.0 | 7.0 |
| Tackles per game | 2.1 | 1.4 |
| Sacks | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Sack yards | 0 | 0 |
| Interceptions | 1 | 0 |
| Returned for touchdown | 0 | - |
| Fumble recoveries | 0 | 0 |
| Fumble return TDs | - | - |
| Tackle for loss | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tackle for loss yards | 0 | 0 |
Game Log - Passing
| Date | Opponent | Score | comp | att | pct | yds | y/a | td | int | sac | yds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Game Log - Rushing
| Date | Opponent | Score | rush | yds | y/a | lng | td | fum | lost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Game Log - Receiving
| Date | Opponent | Score | rec | yds | y/r | lng | td | fum | lost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Game Log - Kicking
| Date | Opponent | Score | fgm | fga | lng | xpm | xpa | pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
Game Log - Punting
| Date | Opponent | Score | punt | yds | avg | long | in20 | fc | tb | blk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Game Log - Returns
| Date | Opponent | Score | kr | yds | avg | lng | td | pr | yds | avg | lng | td |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Game Log - All-Purpose
| Date | Opponent | Score | gp | rush | rcv | pr | kr | yds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
Game Log - Scoring
| Date | Opponent | Score | pts | rush | rec | kr | pr | int | fum | xpm | fgm | saf | misc | 2pt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | - |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | - |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | - |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | - |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - |
Game Log - Defense
| Date | Opponent | Score | tack | ast | tot | sack | lost | tfl | yds | ff | fr | td | int | yds | td | brup | blk | saf |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 4 | Puget Sound | W, 48-35 | 1 | 3 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 18 | Lincoln (CA) | L, 34-9 | 1 | 2 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 25 | at Pomona-Pitzer | L, 44-8 | 1 | 2 | 3.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 2 | Pacific | L, 49-19 | 0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 9 | at George Fox | L, 44-14 | 0 | 3 | 3.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Oct 16 | Lewis & Clark | L, 43-41 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 23 | at Whitworth | L, 66-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oct 30 | Pacific Lutheran | L, 24-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nov 6 | Linfield | L, 77-7 | 2 | 1 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 13 | at Puget Sound | L, 62-34 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| gp | tkl | ast | tot | tkl/g | sck | yds | tfl | yds | ff | fr | yds | int | yds | brup | blk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-19 | 9 | 26 | 10 | 36.0 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 1 | 3.5 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| 2019-20 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 10.0 | 1.4 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2020-21 | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2021-22 | 8 | 5 | 12 | 17.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022-23 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 27 | 42 | 25 | 67.0 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 3.5 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 52 | 3 | 1 |
Career Stats: Defense
| gp | comp | att | pct | yds | y/g | y/a | td | int | lg | effic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | |||||||||||
| Total | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Conference | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Location | |||||||||||
| Home | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Away | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Result | |||||||||||
| Wins | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Losses | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| Month | |||||||||||
| September | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| October | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
| November | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 |
Splits Stats: Passing
| gp | rush | yds | y/g | avg | td | lg | fum | lost | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | |||||||||
| Total | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Conference | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Location | |||||||||
| Home | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Away | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Result | |||||||||
| Wins | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Losses | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Month | |||||||||
| September | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| October | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| November | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Splits Stats: Rushing
| gp | rec | rec/g | yds | y/g | avg | td | lg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | ||||||||
| Total | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Conference | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Location | ||||||||
| Home | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Away | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Result | ||||||||
| Wins | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Losses | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Month | ||||||||
| September | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| October | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| November | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Splits Stats: Receiving
| gp | fgm | fga | pct | lg | xpm | xpa | pct | pts | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | |||||||||
| Total | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Conference | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Location | |||||||||
| Home | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Away | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Result | |||||||||
| Wins | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Losses | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Month | |||||||||
| September | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| October | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| November | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
Splits Stats: Kicking
| gp | punt | yds | avg | lg | in20 | fc | tb | blk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | |||||||||
| Total | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Conference | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Location | |||||||||
| Home | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Away | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Result | |||||||||
| Wins | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Losses | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Month | |||||||||
| September | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| October | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| November | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Splits Stats: Punting
| kr | yds | avg | td | lg | pr | yds | avg | td | lg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | ||||||||||
| Total | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Conference | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Location | ||||||||||
| Home | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Away | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Result | ||||||||||
| Wins | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Losses | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Month | ||||||||||
| September | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| October | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| November | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Splits Stats: Returns
| gp | rush | rcv | pr | kr | yds | ypg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | |||||||
| Total | 8 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| Conference | 5 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - |
| Location | |||||||
| Home | 5 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| Away | 3 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| Neutral | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - |
| Result | |||||||
| Wins | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| Losses | 7 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| Month | |||||||
| September | 3 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| October | 3 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
| November | 2 | - | - | - | - | 0 | .0 |
Splits Stats: All-Purpose
| pts | pts/g | rush | rec | kr | pr | int | fum | xpm | fgm | 2pt | misc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | ||||||||||||
| Total | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Conference | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Exhibition | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Location | ||||||||||||
| Home | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Away | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Neutral | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Result | ||||||||||||
| Wins | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Losses | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| Month | ||||||||||||
| September | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| October | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
| November | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
Splits Stats: Scoring
| gp | tkl | ast | tot | tkl/g | sck | yds | tfl | yds | ff | fr | yds | int | yds | brup | blk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8 | 5 | 12 | 17.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 1 | 0 |
| Conference | 5 | 2 | 5 | 7.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Exhibition | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Location | ||||||||||||||||
| Home | 5 | 4 | 7 | 11.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 0 | 0 |
| Away | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6.0 | 2.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Neutral | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Result | ||||||||||||||||
| Wins | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 0 | 0 |
| Losses | 7 | 4 | 9 | 13.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Month | ||||||||||||||||
| September | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 0 | 0 |
| October | 3 | 0 | 4 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| November | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Splits Stats: Defense